LiDAR Drones

The phrase LiDAR is sometimes considered an acronym of Light Detection And Ranging, and sometimes Light Imaging, Detection, And Ranging, but it was originally a blend of the words light and radar.

3D mapping with LiDAR data involves measuring the distance to a target by illuminating that target with a pulsed laser light, and measuring the reflected pulses with a sensor. The differences in the amount of time it takes for the laser to return, and also in the wavelengths, are then used to make digital 3D-representations of the target.

Sonar works in a similar manner, with sound waves bouncing off an object and returning to their source indicating the distance to different points on the object, and thus allowing for a 3D visualization of it.

A LiDAR image from Velodyne’s 3D mapping system for drones

Doing aerial data collection with LiDAR with drones instead of airplanes was a relatively new land surveying technique a decade ago. Today, it’s becoming more and more common.

The approach uses high precision laser (i.e., LiDAR) scanners, GPS, and Inertial Navigation Systems (INS). These three data sources combined allow for incredibly precise 3D mapping.

One of the revolutionary aspects of LiDAR is that it allows surveyors to cut through foliage and other intervening debris to create a detailed topographical map of a landscape, without having to take the time to walk it on foot.

Here’s a step-by-step of how LiDAR mapping works:

• Emission and reflection. The LiDAR system emits thousands of laser pulses per second. When these pulses hit an object, they reflect back to the sensor.
• Distance calculation. The time taken for the pulses to return is recorded. Using the speed of light, the system calculates the distance to each object.
• Data collection. Each pulse generates a data point representing a precise distance measurement. Collectively, these points form a “point cloud.”
• Point cloud processing. The point cloud is processed to create detailed 3D models. This data can be used for mapping and analysis.
• Integration with GPS. LiDAR systems often integrate with GPS to provide accurate geolocation data for each point, enhancing the spatial accuracy of the 3D models.

When it comes to surveying, there has been an ongoing argument about the comparative values of photogrammetry and LiDAR, and which is best.

The truth is that there isn’t one right answer—it’s really a question of the specific application being considered. Photogrammetry is right for some instances, while LiDAR is right for others.

A LiDAR system from RedTail LiDAR

Photogrammetry is the science of making measurements from photographs for recording the exact positions of surface points in order to produce a 3D map.

Photogrammetry has historically been an exhaustive, time consuming process, but drones have radically changed things, both by allowing for thousands of aerial pictures to be taken of a single site in one flight, and also because new technology has been developed to help integrate all of those photos into a single 3D map.

So how do you know whether to use LiDAR or photogrammetry?

In general, the rule of thumb is that photogrammetry is good for surveying large sites that aren’t obstructed by tree cover or other impediments, while LiDAR is good for smaller, obstructed sites. (It’s worth noting that these size recommendations are mainly about cost—as LiDAR becomes cheaper, cost may be less and less of a contributing factor in choosing one or the other technology for surveying needs.)

Here are some guidelines to help you navigate the photogrammetry/LiDAR decision:

LiDAR should be used when:

• You are mapping below tree canopy, mine site conveyors, and other obstructions because photogrammetry has trouble generating elevation models in areas where objects block the ground.
• You are modeling narrow objects such as transmission lines, pipes, sharp-edge features (for instance roof edges), and fields of rocks (aggregates) because alternate mapping methods such as SfM algorithms and DIM have lower “conformance” than LiDAR, and thus result in a lower quality of detail in the 3D map produced.

Photogrammetry should be used when:

• You are imaging bare earth mine sites, earth works projects, and other areas that are not occluded by trees, buildings, or equipment.
• You are performing a small mapping project and photogrammetry data will suit your needs.

Here’s our list of the top LiDAR-equipped drones on the market.

1. Flyability Elios 3

Why it’s a top pick:

The Flyability Elios 3 is a cutting-edge drone designed specifically for indoor inspection and mapping, including applications requiring LiDAR technology.

Equipped with the Ouster OS0-32 LiDAR sensor, the Elios 3 is specifically designed for flight in confined spaces and hazardous environments, such as industrial facilities, tunnels, and mines. Its advanced navigation system, including visual and thermal cameras, ensures precise positioning and comprehensive data collection.

Key specs:

• Weight. 3.5 pounds with payload (1.6 kg)
• Flight time. Up to 12 minutes
• Transmission range. .3 miles (500 meters)
• Sensors. Ouster OS0-32 LiDAR, visual camera, thermal camera, LED lighting
• LiDAR sensor. See above

2. DJI Matrice 350 RTK

Why it’s a top pick:

• Robust payload capacity
• Advanced sensor suite
• Long flight time

The DJI Matrice 350 RTK is a versatile, powerful drone designed for industrial applications, particularly those requiring high-precision LiDAR data. With the ability to carry heavy payloads, including high-performance LiDAR sensors, the Matrice 350 RTK ensures accurate and efficient data collection across various challenging environments.

Key specs:

• Weight: 13.8 pounds without payload (6.3 kg)
• Flight time. Up to 55 minutes
• Transmission range. 9.3 miles (15 km)
• Sensors. RTK module, multiple vision sensors, ultrasonic sensors, dual IMUs
• LiDAR sensor. Compatible with the DJI Zenmuse L1, RIEGL VUX-1UAV, YellowScan LiDAR, and Livox Mid-40/Mid-70

3. senseFly eBee X

Why it’s a top pick:

• Standout flight endurance
• Versatile payload options
• Precise georeferencing capabilities

The senseFly eBee X is a fixed-wing drone designed for professional mapping and surveying applications, including those requiring LiDAR technology.

The eBee X is equipped with multiple payload options, including high-resolution cameras and LiDAR sensors, allowing for versatile data acquisition. Its robust GNSS/RTK module ensures precise georeferencing, crucial for accurate mapping projects.

Key specs:

• Weight. 3.5 pounds with payload (1.6 kg)
• Flight time. Up to 90 minutes
• Transmission range. Up to 5 miles (8 km)
• Sensors. GNSS/RTK module, various camera options, LiDAR sensor compatibility
• LiDAR sensor. Compatible with the senseFly S.O.D.A. 3D with LiDAR and the RIEGL miniVUX-1UAV

4. Microdrones mdLiDAR1000

Why it’s a top pick:

• Integration of high-precision LiDAR technology
• Modular design
• Efficient power management system

The Microdrones mdLiDAR1000 is a specialized drone designed specifically for precision LiDAR mapping and surveying applications.

It comes with advanced GNSS and IMU systems that provide high-precision georeferencing, crucial for accurate 3D modeling and topographic mapping, and its modular design allows for easy transportation and quick deployment in the field.

Key specs:

• Weight: 15 pounds with payload (6.9 kg)
• Flight time: Up to 30 minutes
• Transmission range: Up to 3.1 miles (5 km)
• Payload capacity: 4.4 pounds (2 kg)
• Sensors. Riegl miniVUX-1UAV LiDAR, GNSS/IMU module
• LiDAR sensor. See above

5. Parrot Anafi USA

Why it’s a top pick:

Equipped with advanced imaging sensors and the capability to integrate with the Quanergy M8 LiDAR sensor, the Anafi USA offers high-resolution data and accurate 3D modeling. Its thermal and visual cameras provide comprehensive situational awareness, while the powerful zoom capability allows for detailed inspections from a safe distance.

Key specs:

• Weight: 1.1 pounds without payload (500 g)
• Flight Time: Up to 32 minutes
• Transmission Range: Up to 2.5 miles (4 km)
• Sensors: 32x zoom camera, thermal camera, GPS/IMU module
• LiDAR Sensor: Compatible with Quanergy M8 LiDAR

6. DJI Phantom 4 RTK

Why it’s a top pick:

• High-precision RTK module
• Versatile sensor integration
• User-friendly design

The DJI Phantom 4 RTK is a highly accurate and reliable drone designed for mapping and surveying applications, including those requiring LiDAR technology.

Equipped with a high-resolution camera and the ability to integrate with the DJI Zenmuse L1 LiDAR sensor, the Phantom 4 RTK offers detailed 3D mapping and accurate topographic data.

Key specs:

• Weight. 3 pounds (1.39 kg)
• Flight time. Up to 30 minutes
• Transmission range. Up to 4.3 miles (7 km)
• Sensors. High-resolution 20 MP camera, RTK module, obstacle sensing system
• LiDAR sensor. Compatible with DJI Zenmuse L1 LiDAR

LiDAR drones have revolutionized the way we collect and analyze spatial data across a huge swath of industries.

The versatility and precision of LiDAR-equipped drones, and their lower cost as compared to alternatives, have made them indispensable tools in a wide range of applications. By providing detailed insights and improving data collection methods, they are helping industries achieve greater efficiency, safety, and accuracy in their operations.

Here’s a list of the top applications for LiDAR drones today.*

*Note: New applications are cropping up all the time! Which means this list will likely be even longer in just one or two more years from now.

• Agriculture
• Archaeology
• Construction
• Disaster Management
• Environmental Monitoring
• Forestry
• Infrastructure Inspections
• Mining
• Pipeline Monitoring
• Power Line Inspections
• Railway Inspections
• Telecommunications
• Topographic Mapping
• Urban Planning
• Wildlife Habitat Analysis

Agriculture

LiDAR drones are transforming agriculture by providing precise data on crop health, field elevation, and soil properties. They enable farmers to monitor large areas quickly, identifying issues such as disease, pest infestations, and irrigation problems.

These drones help optimize planting patterns and irrigation plans by mapping terrain and soil characteristics. The high-resolution data supports precision agriculture, enhancing crop yields and resource efficiency.

Top use cases for LiDAR drones in agriculture:

• Crop health monitoring
• Soil analysis
• Irrigation management
• Terrain mapping
• Planting optimization

Example drone hardware and software for drone LiDAR in agriculture:

• DJI Agras series drones
• senseFly eBee X
• Pix4Dfields software for data analysis

Archaeology

LiDAR drones revolutionize archaeology by revealing hidden structures and landscapes beneath vegetation and soil. They create detailed topographic maps that help archaeologists identify excavation sites and study ancient civilizations.

These drones provide non-invasive methods to explore and document archaeological sites, preserving their integrity. The high-resolution data aids in mapping, excavation planning, and historical research.

Top use cases for LiDAR drones in archaeology:

• Site discovery
• Topographic mapping
• Excavation planning
• Historical research
• Preservation planning

Example drone hardware and software for drone LiDAR in archaeology:

• DJI Matrice 350 RTK
• senseFly Aeria X
• Agisoft Metashape for archaeological analysis

Construction

LiDAR drones streamline construction site management by providing real-time data on site conditions, progress tracking, and quality control. They generate accurate 3D models of construction sites, helping managers make informed decisions.

These drones enhance efficiency by identifying potential issues early, ensuring safety, and reducing project delays. The high-resolution data supports project planning and execution, from initial site surveys to final inspections.

Top use cases for LiDAR drones in construction:

• Site surveys
• Progress tracking
• Quality control
• Safety inspections
• Project planning

Example drone hardware and software for drone LiDAR in construction:

• DJI Matrice 350 RTK
• DroneDeploy for construction management

Disaster Management

LiDAR drones are essential in disaster management, providing rapid assessment of affected areas. They generate detailed maps to aid in emergency response, damage assessment, and recovery planning.

These drones can quickly survey large disaster zones, identifying safe routes, assessing structural damage, and locating survivors. The data helps coordinate rescue operations and allocate resources effectively.

Top use cases for LiDAR drones in disaster management:

• Damage assessment
• Search and rescue
• Safe route identification
• Recovery planning
• Resource allocation

Example drone hardware and software for drone LiDAR in disaster management:

• DJI Mavic 2 Enterprise
• senseFly eBee Plus
• ESRI ArcGIS for disaster management

Environmental Monitoring

LiDAR drones are essential for monitoring environmental changes, such as coastal erosion, riverbank stability, and habitat mapping. They provide accurate topographic data, enabling scientists to track changes in ecosystems over time.

These drones help assess the impact of climate change and human activities on natural landscapes. The detailed data supports environmental conservation, restoration projects, and policy-making.

Top use cases for LiDAR drones in environmental monitoring:

• Coastal erosion monitoring
• Riverbank stability assessment
• Habitat mapping
• Ecosystem change tracking
• Conservation planning

Example drone hardware and software for drone LiDAR in environmental monitoring:

• YellowScan Surveyor
• Delair UX11
• Global Mapper for environmental analysis

Forestry

LiDAR drones provide detailed 3D maps of forested areas, helping in the assessment of tree height, canopy density, and biomass. They support forest management by identifying areas affected by disease, fire, or logging activities.

These drones enable precise monitoring of forest health and growth, aiding in sustainable forest management and conservation efforts. High-resolution LiDAR data is crucial for tracking changes over time and planning reforestation projects.

Top use cases for LiDAR drones in forestry:

• Tree height measurement
• Canopy density analysis
• Biomass estimation
• Forest health monitoring
• Reforestation planning

Example drone hardware and software for drone LiDAR in forestry:

• RIEGL VUX-1UAV
• Quantum Systems Trinity F90+
• LiForest software for forest analysis

Infrastructure Inspections

LiDAR drones are invaluable for inspecting critical infrastructure such as bridges, roads, and dams. They provide detailed structural data, helping identify wear and tear, potential hazards, and maintenance needs.

These drones reduce inspection time and improve safety by accessing hard-to-reach areas. The precise data aids in maintaining infrastructure integrity, ensuring public safety, and planning repair projects.

Top use cases for LiDAR drones in infrastructure inspections:

• Bridge inspections
• Road assessments
• Dam evaluations
• Power line inspections
• Pipeline monitoring

Example drone hardware and software for drone LiDAR in infrastructure inspections:

• Flyability Elios 3
• DJI Matrice 210 RTK
• Pix4Dmapper for infrastructure analysis

Mining

LiDAR drones are vital in the mining industry, offering precise mapping and monitoring of mining sites. They help assess mineral deposits, plan excavation strategies, and monitor environmental impacts.

These drones improve operational efficiency by providing accurate data on terrain and resource locations. They support safety by identifying potential hazards and monitoring mine stability.

Top use cases for LiDAR drones in mining:

• Mineral deposit assessment
• Excavation planning
• Environmental monitoring
• Mine stability analysis
• Hazard identification

Example drone hardware and software for drone LiDAR in mining:

• Quantum Systems Trinity F90+
• MineSight software for mining analysis

Pipeline Monitoring

LiDAR drones are essential for monitoring pipelines, providing accurate data on pipeline integrity and surrounding environments. They help detect leaks, corrosion, and potential hazards along pipeline routes.

These drones enhance safety and efficiency by enabling regular inspections and rapid response to issues. The data supports maintenance and repair planning, ensuring the safe and reliable operation of pipeline systems.

Top use cases for LiDAR drones in pipeline monitoring:

• Leak detection
• Corrosion assessment
• Hazard identification
• Maintenance planning
• Environmental monitoring

Example drone hardware and software for drone LiDAR pipeline monitoring:

• DJI Phantom 4 RTK
• Flyability Elios 3
• Pipeline Inspection Software (PINS) for pipeline analysis

Power Line Inspections

LiDAR drones play a crucial role in inspecting power lines, providing detailed data on line condition and surrounding vegetation. They help identify potential hazards such as overgrown branches or structural damage.

Using drones for inspections reduces the risk to human inspectors and improves efficiency by accessing difficult or dangerous areas. The precise data supports maintenance planning and ensures the reliability of power infrastructure.

Top use cases for LiDAR drones in power line inspections:

• Condition assessment
• Vegetation management
• Hazard identification
• Maintenance planning
• Reliability assurance

Example drone hardware and software for drone LiDAR power line inspections:

• DJI Matrice 350 RTK
• Flyability Elios 3 (for close-up data collection)
• DroneDeploy for power line inspections

Railway Track Inspections

LiDAR drones are invaluable for inspecting railway tracks, offering detailed assessments of track conditions and surroundings. They help detect track deformations, vegetation encroachment, and infrastructure wear.

These drones enhance safety and efficiency by providing real-time data, reducing the need for manual inspections. The high-resolution data supports maintenance and repair planning, ensuring the smooth operation of railway networks.

Top use cases for LiDAR drones in railway inspections:

• Track condition monitoring
• Vegetation encroachment assessment
• Infrastructure wear detection
• Maintenance and repair planning
• Safety assurance

Example drone hardware and software for drone LiDAR railway inspections:

• DJI Matrice 350 RTK
• Parrot Anafi USA
• Rail-Inspector software for railway analysis

Telecommunications Network Planning

LiDAR drones assist in planning telecommunications networks by providing detailed topographic and structural data. They help identify optimal locations for towers and infrastructure, ensuring efficient network coverage.

These drones enhance planning by creating accurate 3D models of urban and rural areas. The data supports the design and deployment of telecommunications networks, improving connectivity and service quality.

Top use cases for LiDAR drones in telecommunications network planning:

• Site selection for towers
• Infrastructure planning
• Network coverage analysis
• 3D modeling of areas
• Deployment planning

Example drone hardware and software for drone LiDAR telecommunications work:

• DJI Matrice 600 Pro
• senseFly eBee Plus
• TeleNetwork Planner software for network analysis

Topographic Mapping

LiDAR drones create high-resolution topographic maps, capturing detailed information about the Earth’s surface. These maps are used in various fields, including geology, land surveying, and infrastructure development.

The precision of LiDAR data makes it ideal for mapping challenging terrains and inaccessible areas. It supports accurate land-use planning, flood risk assessment, and geotechnical studies.

Top use cases for LiDAR drones in topographic mapping:

• Geological mapping
• Land surveying
• Infrastructure development
• Flood risk assessment
• Geotechnical studies

Example drone hardware and software for drone LiDAR topographic mapping:

• Leica Aibot
• DJI Matrice 350 RTK
• TerraSolid software for topographic mapping

Urban Planning

LiDAR drones are crucial in urban planning, providing detailed 3D models of cities and towns. These models help planners assess land use, infrastructure development, and potential growth areas.

By capturing accurate topographic and structural data, LiDAR drones aid in the design of efficient transportation systems, zoning, and disaster preparedness plans. They enhance the ability to visualize urban landscapes and make informed decisions.

Top use cases for LiDAR drones in urban planning:

• Land use assessment
• Infrastructure development
• Transportation planning
• Zoning
• Disaster preparedness

Example drone hardware and software for drone LiDAR urban planning:

• Parrot Anafi USA
• Microdrones mdLiDAR3000
• Autodesk ReCap for urban planning analysis

Wildlife Monitoring & Habitat Analysis

LiDAR drones provide detailed data for analyzing wildlife habitats, helping to map terrain and vegetation structure. They support conservation efforts by identifying critical habitats and monitoring changes over time.

These drones aid in tracking animal populations, assessing habitat quality, and planning conservation strategies. The high-resolution data is crucial for studying biodiversity and ecosystem health.

Top use cases for LiDAR drones in wildlife monitoring:

• Habitat mapping
• Vegetation structure analysis
• Population tracking
• Habitat quality assessment
• Conservation planning

Example drone hardware and software for drone LiDAR wildlife monitoring:

• senseFly eBee X
• DJI Matrice 350 RTK
• Global Mapper for habitat analysis